Mehmood-Ul-Hassan Khan
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is emerging as yet another player in a crowded web of diplomatic and military ties. For many in the region, particularly the smaller nations, this jockeying promises benefits of all sorts, whether measured in aid, security guarantees or energy investments
(The Institute of strategic studies, London)
9the summit of the shanghai cooperation organization was held in Russia Yekaterinburg. All the participants thoroughly discussed on Afghanistan, security problems, terrorism and separatism. They all agreed that the SCO should play active and effective role in the international affairs. Many new ideas were floated. New policies were finalized. New approaches were envisioned. They adopted a joint declaration. The Republic of Uzbekistan assumed the chairmanship in the SCO until the organization’s next summit in 2010.
Main Areas of Discussion
(a) key security issues confronting the region
(b) enhanced cooperation in fighting terrorism, extremism and separatism
(c) besides greater economic and trade cooperation
(d) establishing a “unified energy market” as Central Asia is one of the world’s most energy rich countries
Heads of the States SCO
Main Participants
The event was attended by Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Iran, India, Mongolia and Pakistan attended the SCO summit as observers, while Afghanistan and Turkmenistan attended as guests. The United Nations, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) and Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) were also participated.
Significance
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization [SCO] will be an economic powerhouse and a major global force throughout the 21th century. Emerging economy like India and roaring economic might China, as well as such resource-rich states as Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, will be a powerhouse of economic activity and a major global force throughout the century.
(Canadian Study)
(a) Geographical features
The SCO represents the world’s greatest potential. Former Joint Chief of Staff of the Russian Armed Forces and political analyst Leonid Ivashov described that, “contrary to Samuel Huntington’s concept of the allegedly inevitable clash of civilizations, the SCO speaks about harmonized interactions between different faiths and civilizations and stands for their mutual coexistence. It is the alliance of five non Western civilizations Russian, Chinese, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist. It is supposed to be a special world without a clearly defined boundary, and consists of entire world space.
(b) Continental appraisals
According to a Russian daily (2006) “the SCO is a momentous organisation which occupies territory from the Arctic to the Indian Ocean and from Kaliningrad to Shanghai. It may become the second political pole of the world. The SCO members and observers also take in a stretch of Eurasia from the South China Sea to the Baltic Sea and from the Persian Gulf to the Bay of Bengal.
(c) Socio-Economic strength
Its six full members account for 60 percent of the land mass of Eurasia and its population is a third of the world, while when seen with its affiliates, the SCO accounts for half of the human race. According to a 2008 energy survey, the five nations bordering the Caspian Sea-Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Russia and Uzbekistan hold roughly 21.4 percent of the world’s proven oil reserves and 45 percent of the world’s proven natural gas reserves. The SCO economies reported a combined GDP of US$1.5 trillion in 2004. The investment between SCO members surged to US$15 billion, covering mainly oil and gas exploration, transportation, telecommunication, electricity, chemical industry, construction material, project contract and agriculture. In order to promote trade and economic cooperation among SCO members, China pledged $ US 10 billion dollars during the recent summit. According to official data of the Chinese finance ministry China’s actual investment in the other five SCO members totaled US$8 billion last year. The SCO members have maintained GDP growth rates of six to eight percent on average in recent years. Even in the ongoing global economic recession all the SCO countries performed very well. Trade volumes between China and the other member states have increased at an average annual growth rate of 30% – from US$12.1 billion in 2001 to US$67.5 billion in 2008. By the end of 2007, China has provided the other SCO members with investments worth US$13 billion. The levels of imports-exports among the SCO member states are picking up. The trade of machinery and electronic products, high-tech goods and well-known brand products are on the rise. According to the Chinese Custom department (2006), trade between China and other five SCO members hit $ US37 billion in 2005.
Main Areas of cooperation
The main areas and sectors of economic activities have been ranging from oil & gas exploration, transportation, telecommunication, electricity, chemical industry, construction material, project contract and agriculture.
Joint Declaration
Head of States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) signed Yekaterinburg declaration. Main salient features are given below as:
(a) It indicates irreversibility of the trend towards multi-polarity and enhancing significance of regional dimension in solution of global problems.
(b) Belarus and Sri Lanka would be granted partner status, and that a package of documents would be adopted soon to regulate the admission of new members
(c) The SCO summit also discussed one of the most distressing problems, the Afghan conflict.
(d) It emphasizes the importance of strengthening legal framework of international relations and enhancing the coordination role of UN in world affairs
(e) It reaffirms commitment to principles of maintaining peace on terms of equal security for all States without exception and resolve international and regional conflicts by political and diplomatic measures.
(f) The SCO countries expressed support for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, increased cooperation in the control and management of international finance and preserving economic stability.
(g) It acknowledges the importance of international cooperation which is the key tool in addressing the pressing issues, including energy and food security, climate change and financial crisis.
(h) More active participation of organizations in the management of global processes to be necessary.
(i) It identifies practical steps on development of cooperation within SCO in concrete areas.
(j) Convention against terrorism, a document developing legal framework of the organization given requirements of time and changing features of new challenges and threats, was also signed.
(k) Adoption of a cooperation program of SCO members on the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism for 2010-2012
(l) Decision to provide Sri Lanka and Belarus with the status of the SCO dialogue partner
(m) Training for anti-terrorist forces of SCO members as well the agreement on cooperation in the field of ensuring international information security.
(n) SCO has also signed memoranda of understanding with ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Composition
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization [SCO] was founded in Shanghai in 1996. The SCO is composed of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Iran, Pakistan, India and Mongolia are observer nations.
Main Theme of SCO
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization initially was formed to counter the increasing geo-political and geo-strategic designs of the US in the CIS. China and Russia used it to cope with capitalistic onslaught.
Creation of SCO
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was set up in 1996 as an alternative to NATO that would allow Russia and China to counter US influence in Asia. The SCO always supported the multipolarity. The SCO member countries welcomed the launch of Russian-U.S. talks to draft a strategic offensive arms reduction treaty. Moscow expects Washington to agree on a deal that would restrict not only the numbers of nuclear warheads, but also place limits on all existing kinds of delivery vehicles.
Strategic expansion
Iran and Pakistan, observer nations in the SCO along with India and Mongolia, have asked for full membership. Russian officials have said the group’s enlargement is held back by lack of admission rules, but China has warned against excessive expansion, saying it could hinder cooperation. The SCO decided to grant a partner nation status to Belarus and Sri Lanka. The President of Tajikistan endorsed the expansion of the SCO. He said that would increase the organization’s authority. He further said “while supporting expansion of the SCO, we believe that along with cohesion and mutual support, this step will demonstrate increasing importance and influence of the SCO on the international stage”.
A Russian analyst said that the expansion of the SCO would be a long and relatively complicated process. The president of the Polity Foundation and head of the department of history and political science at the Moscow-based International University, said: “the expansion of the SCO is so far not on the agenda, but a relevant decision is quite possible. A larger SCO would be more influential, but it is clear that expansion will be a long and relatively complicated process.”
Main possible hurdles
(a) The SCO observers are widely different countries with different interests in the organization. Iran is interested in becoming a full member, viewing it as a guarantee of its security,”
(b) The new Mongolian leadership, which is said to be pro-Western, but we cannot be sure of its position regarding the SCO after the elections
(c) Differences between India and Pakistan are especially large and could complicate the SCO expansion.
Effectiveness
Many military experts and strategists raise certain valid questions about the effectiveness of the SCO. Even many prominent economists also worry about the development of SCO.
(a) The SCO was established to create the free trade zone on the territories of its members, although there has been no progress achieved at this point yet. But diversified and integrated efforts are being made to achieve this end goal.
(b) Russia offered to create the Energy Club within the SCO in 2006, but the suggestion has not been materialized either. It requires political will and resolution of many regional conflicts among the SCO countries. It will take some time to materialize.
(c) The SCO presumably runs bilateral projects between China and Tajikistan, China and Uzbekistan, China and Kyrgyzstan. There are no projects in the organization in which all member countries would be involved. China views the SCO as an economic association, whereas Russia sees it as a platform to resist terrorism and extremism in the world. Hopefully, all the SCO countries will cooperate and foster the growth of socio-economy in the region and promote joint ventures, FDI and FPI.
(d) The organization charter says that the prime goal of the organization is to guarantee peace, well-being and the joint prosperity of its members, as well as stability and security both inside and outside the region. However, the SCO does not have either a strategic initiative or the clear long-term plan of cooperation between its members. First and foremost, it serves as an object of strategic influence of other world powers of the world, the United States and NATO, first and foremost.
Message from Yekaterinburg
Message is clear and loud. Message is anti-hegemony. It is against the geo-political and geo-strategic designs of the US. The time has come to challenge the economic supremacy of the US and the dollar. The SCO is the only organization in the modern world which has enough potential to put forward an alternative to the Western style of socio-economic development. The SCO embraces most of the territory of the continental geopolitical center of the world. It can either rise to the level of a geopolitical center that would make other countries follow, or run into geopolitical non-existence and collapse. The message is also clear that Pakistan wants peace and harmony in the region and especially good friendly relations with India. Message is also crystal clear that Pakistan is committed to fight against terrorism, extremism and separatism.
Regional Dimensions
Iran, Russia and China are three major economic and political poles attending the SCO summit. They play important roles in dealing with the world’s current and upcoming developments. The whole geo-political and geo-strategic scenarios would be changed if Iran and Pakistan get full membership of the SCO in the near future.
(The Institute of strategic studies, Europe)
In the ever changing arena of geo-politics and geo-strategic the SCO has many complicated inter and intra regional dimensions. Regional inspirations, geo-political compulsions, geo-strategic requirements and above all socio-economic needs are playing very important role among the SCO member countries. Every country has its own special agenda, goal, priority, commitment and mechanism to secure its sovereignty, territorial integration and above all survival.
(a) Russia
Russia originally visualized the SCO against the backdrop of the security threats to the region. Russia needs the SCO platform to overcome its social alienation and economic isolation. Russia wants to use the SCO forum to increase its geo-political and geo-strategic influence in the CIS. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev forwarded a new idea of using national currencies in payments among the SCO countries instead of Dollar. Medvedev said the share of sovereign currencies in mutual trade should be increased to reduce dependence on international reserve currencies, and suggested that regional countries invest in each other’s financial instruments. He said “we must strengthen the international currency system not only by strengthening the dollar’s positions, but also by creating new reserve currencies and possibly by eventually creating supranational payment instruments and means of settlements. China has recently argued against a new supranational reserve currency that would cut reliance on the U.S. dollar. He said the ruble, the yuan and gold should be part of a revised basket of currencies to form the valuation of the IMF’s special drawing rights, or SDRs.
He stressed the need for active participation in the organization’s efforts, and the development of multifaceted cooperation. He demanded the development of economic and financial cooperation among the SCO countries. Russia also supported the multi-polar world and the recently held SCO meeting was clear-cut message to the US and the West. It is predicted that Russia will continue to view the SCO as a forum of vital importance in regional cooperation with China an exclusive forum that even lends credence to Russian aspirations of acting as a “Eurasian bridge” between the West and China. It is seemed that the SCO presents China and Russia with the opportunity to strengthen their economic and strategic ties in Central Asia, while undermining the US presence in the region. Nonetheless, the expansion of SCO membership could perceptibly alter the balance of power in the region, and is thus a situation that merits close observation.
Most recently, after the SCO summit General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, officially visited to Russia. It was the clear-cut indication of paradigm shift in the foreign policy of Pakistan. He met General Vladimir Boldyrev, Commander-in-Chief Russian ground forces. During meeting the matters of professional interest with particular reference to enhancing ties between armies of the two countries, were discussed. COAS also called on, Chairman of Defence and Security Committee of State Duma, Victor Zavarzin and discussed with him the matters pertaining to regional security and common interest. Chairman of Defence and Security Committee Victor Zavarzin expressed the Russian desire to further enhance strategic relationship with Pakistan.
During his official visit to Russia the COAS also met deputy foreign minister of Russia. Both sides expressed the desire to seize new opportunities arising out of the current challenges confronting the region and the world. Both sides showed keen desire to tangibly move forward to establish a strong and robust partnership between each other. It is predicted that the visit of Ashfaq Parvez Kayani would open new era of mutual cooperation, understanding, connectivity, collaboration and commitment between the two countries.
(b) China
Many political pundits are projecting the idea of G-2 (USA & China) but China still will have to ensure that a formal G-2 framework does not affect the strategic intent of the SCO.
China had a conceptualization of the SCO against the vast backdrop of economic globalization and political multi-polarity in the world order. By virtue of China diplomatic efforts and lavish socio-economic cooperation and grants the inflows of free trade and investments among the SCO would be achieved till 2020. In the recently held SCO Chinese President Hu Jintao pledged $US 10 billion dollars to all the SCO countries. It would increase the geopolitical and geo-strategic influence of China in the CIS. It would pay the dividends to China in the shape of oil and gas exploration and other mega joint ventures with the SCO member countries in the days to come. It would be instrumental to all the economies of the SCO to successfully overcome their socio-economic problems. It would lessen the bad effects of ongoing global economic recession. It would foster the social development in these countries. He urged SCO nations “to enhance cooperation to oppose the crisis and consolidate the organization.”
The security alliance, seen as a counterbalance to U.S. interests in Central Asia, has increasingly been engaged in joint economic projects. It comprises China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and China is rigorously working on it.
(c) Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is now the president of the SCO. Uzbekistan’s President Islam Karimov spoke highly about the diversified but integrated contributions of the SCO in the various fields of socio-economy, politics, security, terrorism, pace, harmony and above all culture integration and connectivity. He suggested that more cooperation should be extended in socio-politico-economic spheres among the members countries. He stressed the need to speed up the implementation mechanism to achieve objectives and goals of the SCO.
His appreciated the conflict resolution approach of the SCO. He affirmed to solve the international problems in peaceful manners. He praised that the SCO contributed tremendous work for global security, terrorism, drug trafficking and other challenges and threats to SCO. He spoke highly about the bright prospects of the SCO. President has been quoted as saying “our today’s decision on granting the partner-status on SCO dialogue to the Republic of Belarus and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri-Lanka has become the vivid demonstration of yet growing authority of the SCO on international arena, openness of the Organization, its readiness to establish cooperation with other states.” Islam Karimov expressed confidence that documents to be signed upon the outcomes of the summit would become an important stage on the way of securing the tasks which stand before the SCO.
He dwelled the SCO activity by saying, “the implementation of which will allow considerably increase the efficiency of its activity, consolidate security, provide for fuller use of the potential of the states of the region”. He was worried about the deteriorating law and order situation in Afghanistan and termed it most dangerous factor in the overall geo-political and geo-strategic stability and regional harmony in Central Asia. Furthermore, he did not endorse only military action to resolve the Afghan problem. He rightly pinpointed that reconstruction of economy, communications and social infrastructure, creation of millions of jobs, elimination of poverty, and gross-root participation of the people may resolve the Afghanistan’s problem. He stressed that historical and ethnic-demographical roots of the multinational people of Afghanistan, traditional values and the last not the least the religion of Islam should be respected.
He again projected the noble idea of the establishment of the “6+3” Contact Group under UN auspices, comprising the duly authorized representatives of states bordering Afghanistan, as well as the representatives of Russia, USA and NATO would serve for the earliest possible solution of the Afghan problem. He also suggested forming a consultative and diplomatic body to secure the best interest of Afghanistan. He pointed that to cope with the ongoing global economic recession we must act together and collective response is needed. He pinpointed different policies and systematic measures i.e. anti-crisis action programs, transparency, human resource management, crisis management, good governance, and effective role of regulatory organs are necessary to compete in international markets and secure our economies too. Economic stability and sustainability is must for our survival. Revival of production activity, equilibrium in expenditures and revenues and above all equitable parity in demand and supply would be essential to foster economic activities in the SCO.
He strongly recommended that all the SCO countries especially the CIS should concrete on the qualitative production of finished goods to earn more and more foreign reserves. It would help them to have current account surplus and easily compete in the international markets. He showed great concerns about the gross protectionism in the international trade system. He stressed the need to have fair and free international trade system where every country has the right to access markets and sell its services. He said that policy of protectionism is anti-globalization, anti-development which promotes socio-economic isolation and geo-political alienation. It did damage the economies of developing countries and resultant high poverty, hunger, disease and unemployment. He demanded qualitative improvement and enhancement economic; above all, investment component within the SCO, adoption of the necessary legal documents, eradication of barriers and vast network of SMEs, implementation of projects in fuel and energy sector, transport and communications, as well as agriculture will acquire an enormous significance.”
(d) Tajikistan
Tajikistan is an important member country of the SCO. It is always ready to extend cooperation in every possible field. During the recent SCO summit Tajikistan and Pakistan vowed to expand cooperation in energy sector. President Emomali Rahman, reviewed the relations between the two countries spanning over a decade and stressed the need to enhance them into more meaningful ties. Both the leaders discussed the regional situation, particularly the threat by extremists and terrorists and the ways to counter it through increased cooperation. He apprised President Zardari about the ongoing fight in Pakistan for the elimination of terrorists from the country. Tajik President appreciated Pakistan for bravely facing the challenges, despite serious threats. He said both the countries could have increased cooperation to counter terrorism.
The two leaders also focussed on having greater cooperation in energy sector. The two sides also agreed to cooperate in the field of explorations, extraction and processing of gas and oil products. Pakistan expressed its interest to benefit from Tajikistan’s experience in hydropower potentials. The Tajik President said Pakistan could prove as a gateway of Central Asia for trade and commerce. He said this would also promote Pak-Tajik bilateral economic relations. The two sides noted that both the governments had exchanged high-level of diplomatic and trade delegations. The two leaders agreed to enhance the scope of around 20 agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding (MoUs) signed between the two countries for cooperation in energy, communications, insurance, investments and industry, air transport, banking and financial, agricultural and food industry, transport and roads, science and technology, education, health, tourism and culture. The President stressed the need to have economic cooperation and stability in the SCO which would lessen our emerging security concerns. He pinpointed terrorism, separatism and extremism, and illegal drug trafficking grave threats to the security and stability of the SCO member states. The foreign minister Zarifi said the SCO also carries out joint anti-terrorism military exercises on a regular basis to help enhance the member states’ capability of coordination in anti-terror efforts.
(e) Kazakhstan
The President of Kazakhstan supported the expansion of SCO. He pointed that clear-cut policies should be followed for the grant of new membership in the SCO. He also underscored that it is necessary to decide organisational questions to create a secretariat in Beijing and to form the organisation’s budget.
He spoke highly about the SCO role in combating terrorism. He demanded extended socio-economic cooperation between the countries in the region. According to him, transport issues should be resolved. He suggested developing multipurpose transport corridors for the SCO countries which are situated far from the sea. He proposed to have a common approach to trade in oil and gas and to across-border trade. The President Nursultan Nazarbayev believes that the next SCO session should be attended by ministers supervising these industries. It is also necessary to pay attention to the issues connected with the World Trade Organisation, because some SCO countries are not yet members of this organization. He pointed out that the SCO countries have a unique experience in settling border conflicts. This experience could be followed by other countries. He underscored that the SCO is not a military organisation, and its members can themselves choose how to ensure stability and security in their territories.
(f) Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev said “SCO has great potential to excel. He described the SCO as a unique and highly effective international organization. He suggested that cooperation among the SCO members has been extended to culture, education as well as medical and health care from economy and security fields. He appreciated the establishment of the SCO has set up its Entrepreneurs’ Committee and the Bank Syndicate. He further said that SCO has been playing a key role in maintaining regional peace and stability and promoting prosperity and development of its member states, serving as a key pillar in the future multi-polar world. He shared that terrorism is curse and spreading like a cancer which needs the international community cooperation, collaboration and commitment.
He spoke highly about the success of the SCO. He said during the past seven years, the SCO has completed its organizational and legal formation and further improved the mechanism for coordination and cooperation. Hhttp://www.opfblog.com/wp-admin/media-upload.php?post_id=8503&type=image&TB_iframe=true&width=640&height=329e also supported expansion of the SCO. He spoke about the equality, peace and harmony between the member countries of the SCO. He fully endorsed the Shanghai Spirit and principle of the organization. He valued the strategic importance of the SCO and endorsed to safeguard the values of a multi-polar world and enhance cooperation with other SCO members in economy and culture and other fields.
(g) Pakistan
The ice broke and shake-hand of the leaders of Pakistan and India conveyed message that Pakistan is committed to have good friendly relations. Both leaders agreed for their Foreign Secretaries to meet on mutually convenient dates, to be followed by another meeting of the two leaders on the sidelines of the Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Egypt coming July.
President Asif Ali Zardari stressed the need for addressing the transnational challenges of terrorism and narcotics, and proposed creation of special mechanisms for Pakistan’s involvement in three key areas of SCO’s activity, including security, energy and economic cooperation. He reaffirmed the need for a common framework to ensure c-operation in security, energy and economy, and said that the SCO needed to develop a vision of regional prosperity and security.
The President Asif Ali Zardari attended the summit and exchanged views on terrorism, economic cooperation, regional peace and respect for international law. The President projected Pakistan as an energy-cum-trade corridor that could connect Central Asia with the Arabian Sea. He offered Gwadar port to all the SCO countries. According to him “the port can become an important alternate energy and trans-shipment port. He said that his country is most suitably positioned to contribute to realizing the SCO objectives and goals.
SCO Vs NATO
The SCO challenges the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s [NATO's] claim to be the only viable security organization in the region especially in Central Asia. According to many military experts Of the USA that the SCO is acting as a Russia-China condominium for countering its influence in the region. But it is predicted that there is no chance of militaristic conflict between NATO and SCO in the near future. But struggle for regional political supremacy, geo-strategic dominance and thirst and competition for sources of energy and the “gas pipelines” would be rise. If Pakistan and Iran become full members of SCO the whole geography, politics and economics dimensions of the region will change. It is also reality that the SCO is not a mutual defense pact, unlike the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which is a military alliance that has since expanded its original defensive mandate way beyond the North Atlantic region to carry on offensive operations in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq. Since its establishment, SCO member states have held joint military exercises, most recently in 2007 near Russia’s Ural Mountains. Still, the SCO serves more as a forum to discuss multilateral issues of trade and security than a fully-developed counterpart of NATO, which has expanded its sphear of operation way beyond the North Atlantic region. On October 27, 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) whose members are Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Tajikistan
Iran strategic proposals
The “age of empires has ended” and the “international capitalist order is retreating,” declared a beaming
(Mahmoud Ahmadinejad)
(a) Justice and mutual respect should be regarded as the best means for communications and constructive and durable cooperation, all should spare no effort to materialize these two goals in their international relations
(b) The SCO secretariat must play a more active role in the fields of politicas, economic, cultural and security
(c) Use of a single currency in transactions and trade exchange among SCO member states as well as establishment of SCO bank with participation of all members
(d) Formation of two political and economic committees by the member states to precisely monitor global developments in order to find a common political and economic strategy to improve international infrastructures in connection with regional and global developments.
(e) Iran’s readiness to deepen and broaden cooperation with Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Suggestions
(a) All the member countries should resolve their bilateral or trilateral disputes to make SCO a more effective and strong
(b) Disputes of water reservoirs, natural resource sharing, transportation and other problems need to be solved
(c) Terrorism is a curse; therefore concrete efforts should be carried forward. Anti-terrorism mechanism of the SCO ought to be proactive
(d) Nuclear non-proliferation treaty must be implemented in true spirits
(e) It is high time to extend socio-economic cooperation between the member countries
(f) Financial cooperation and banking facilities should be shared
(g) Strategic expansion must be allowed as soon as possible. In this regard, the request of Pakistan and Iran may be entertained
(h) Pooling of natural reveries between the SCO countries
(i) Issue of air-bases must be resolved amicably
Concluding Remarks
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization provides alternative system of security, politics, economics, culture, and above all humanity. It stands for peace, harmony, tolerance and respect for other faiths, prophecies, and ideologies. It represents live-wire for all the developing countries to achieve development and better life. It is anti-protectionism, anti-hegemony, and anti-capitalistic. It promises socio-economic integration, cultural connectivity, geo-political cooperation, geo-strategic collaboration and statesmanship commitment to achieve certain objectives and goals. It is the custodian of regional supremacy, national sovereignty, territorial sensitivity and above all powerbroker’s sensibility.
It is hoped that economic might of China, military strength of Russia, and rich oil & gas reservoirs of the Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Iran would strengthen the socio-economic power, geo-political and geo-strategic participation of the SCO in the regional and international politics.
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Mehmood Ul-Hassan Khan
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